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Akademik Kaynaklar

    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Divide and Conquer: Voting Patterns and Erdoğan’s Campaign Strategy Ahead of Turkey’s Snap Election. (2015). Bipartisan Policy Center.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Erdoğan, E. (2018, February). Dimensions of Polarization in Turkey: Social Distance, Perceived Moral Superiority, and Political Intolerance. The German Marshall Fund of the United States.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Esen, B., & Yardımcı-Geyikçi, Ş. (2019). An Alternative Account of the Populist Backlash in the United States: A Perspective from Turkey. PS: Political Science & Politics, 52(3).
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Esmer, Y. (2015). Economic Crisis and Political Polarization. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 11(1), 129–146.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Kasalak, K., & Uçar, F. (2014). Türk Siyasetinde Cepheleşme/Kutuplaşma Olgusunun Dinamikleri ve Milliyetçi Cephe Hükümetleri. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 33(4), 41–54.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Kaya, A. (2013). Tolerance and Cultural Diversity Discourses in Turkey. In Europeanization and Tolerance in Turkey (pp. 71–100). Palgrave Macmillan.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Kaya, Y., & Sunar, L. (2015). The Culture Wars Redux? The Polarization of Social and Political Attitudes in Turkey. Social Currents, 2(4), 393–412.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Kiriş, H. M. (2011). Parti Sisteminde Kutuplaşma ve Türk Parti Sistemi Örneği. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 44(4), 33–67.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Kurt, E. V. (2015). Medya ve Kutuplaşma: Kutuplaşmanın Medya Yansımalarının “Gezi Parkı Eylemleri” Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi. Toplum ve Demokrasi Dergisi, 9(19–20).
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Özbudun, E. (1981). The Turkish Party System: Institutionalization, Polarization, and Fragmentation. Middle Eastern Studies, 17(2), 228–240.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Ozduzen, O., & McGarry, A. (2020). Digital Traces of “Twitter Revolutions”: Resistance, Polarization, and Surveillance via Contested Images and Texts of Occupy Gezi. International Journal of Communication, 14, 2543–2563.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Tarhan, G. (2011). Roots of the Headscarf Debate: Laicism and Secularism in France and Turkey. Journal of Political Inquiry, 4, 1–32.
    • RAPOR
      REPORT
      Çarkoğlu, A., Toprak, B., & Fromm, Ç. A. (2007). Religion, Society and Politics in a Changing Turkey. TESEV publications.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Bilgiç, M. S., Koydemir, F. S., & Akyürek, S. (2014). Türkiye’de Kimlikler Arası Kutuplaşmanın Sosyal Mesafe Üzerinden Ölçümü ve Toplumsal Güvenliğe Etkisi. Bilge Strateji, 6(11), 163–205.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Somer, M. (2010). Media Values and Democratization: What Unites and What Divides Religious‐Conservative and Pro‐Secular Elites? Turkish Studies, 11(4), 555–577.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Somer, M. (2019). Turkey: The Slippery Slope from Reformist to Revolutionary Polarization and Democratic Breakdown. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1), 42–61.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Yazıcı, S. (2010). Gazali ve Hume: Nedensellik ve Mucize Üzerine. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 12.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Yazıcı, T. (2014). The Role of Online Social Networks in Social Movements: Social Polarization and Violations Against Social Unity and Privacy of Individuals in Turkey. ICCMFS 2014: International Conference on Communication, Film and Media, Istanbul.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Yılmaz, C., Aygören, O., & Özdemi̇r, Ö. (2012). Türkiye’de Siyasi Kutuplaşmayı Oluşturan Unsurlar: Seçmen Tercihlerinde Ekonomik Oy Verme Davranışından Toplumsal Travma Kuramına Kadar Bir Dizi Etkenin Görece Etkileri. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 27(311), 9–39.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Blankenhorn, D. (2015, December 22). Why Polarization Matters. The American Interest.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Burns, W. J. (2020, June 6). Polarized Politics Has Infected American Diplomacy. The Atlantic.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Complexity Science Hub Vienna. (2020, June 29). A New Theory About Political Polarization. Phys.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      De-Wit, L., Van Der Linden, S., & Brick, C. (2019, July 2). What Are the Solutions to Political Polarization? Greater Good Magazine.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Jilani, Z., & Smith, J. A. (2019, March 4). What Is the True Cost of Polarization in America? Greater Good Magazine.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Kilgore, E. (2020, January 23). Partisan Polarization Reaching Record Levels. New York Magazine – Intelligencer.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      McCoy, J. L. (2018, October 31). Extreme Political Polarization Weakens Democracy – Can the US Avoid that Fate? The Conversation.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Raymond, C. (2020, May 13). Analyzing Political Polarization: Engagement Graphs. Towards Data Science.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Wong, M. (2020, January 20). America Leads Other Countries in Deepening Polarization. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR).
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Abramowitz, A. I. (2010). Transformation and Polarization: The 2008 Presidential Election and the New American Electorate. Electoral Studies, 29(4), 594–603.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Abramowitz, A. I. (2013). The Electoral Roots of America’s Dysfunctional Government. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 43(4), 709–731.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2008). Is Polarization a Myth? The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 542–555.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Abramowitz, A., & Saunders, K. (2005). Why Can’t We All Just Get Along? The Reality of a Polarized America. The Forum, 3(2).
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Ahler, D. J., & Sood, G. (2018). The Parties in Our Heads: Misperceptions about Party Composition and Their Consequences. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 964–981.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Al Amin, M. T., Aggarwal, C., Yao, S., Abdelzaher, T., & Kaplan, L. (2017). Unveiling polarization in social networks: A matrix factorization approach. IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, 1–9.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. (2020). Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic. Journal of Public Economics.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Ansolabehere, S., Rodden, J., & Snyder Jr., J. M. (2006). Purple America. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2), 97–118.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Antonio, R. J., & Brulle, R. J. (2011). The Unbearable Lightness of Politics: Climate Change Denial and Political Polarization. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(2), 195–202.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Azzimonti, M. (2011). Barriers to Investment in Polarized Societies. American Economic Review, 101(5), 2182–2204.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Azzimonti, M., & Talbert, M. (2014). Polarized Business Cycles. Journal of Monetary Economics, 67, 47–61.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Bakir, V., & McStay, A. (2018). Fake News and The Economy of Emotions: Problems, Causes, Solutions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 154–175.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of Political Polarization. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 784–811.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Baldassarri, D., & Gelman, A. (2008). Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion. American Journal of Sociology, 114(2), 408–446.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Barber, M. J. (2016). Ideological Donors, Contribution Limits, and the Polarization of American Legislatures. The Journal of Politics, 78(1), 296–310.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Barberá, P. (2015). How Social Media Reduces Mass Political Polarization. Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the U.S. American Political Science Association Conference, 1–46.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Baum, M. A., & Groeling, T. (2008). New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse. Political Communication, 25(4), 345–365.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Baumann, F., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Sokolov, I. M., & Starnini, M. (2020). Modeling Echo Chambers and Polarization Dynamics in Social Networks. Physical Review Letters, 124(4).
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Beam, M. A. (2014). Automating the News: How Personalized News Recommender System Design Choices Impact News Reception. Communication Research, 41(8), 1019–1041.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Beam, M. A., Hutchens, M. J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2018). Facebook News and (De)polarization: Reinforcing Spirals in the 2016 US Election. Information, Communication & Society, 21(7), 940–958.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Beattie, P. (2019). Social Evolution, Political Psychology, and the Media in Democracy: The Invisible Hand in the U.S. Marketplace of Ideas. Springer International Publishing.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Bergmann, E. (2018). Conspiracy & Populism: The Politics of Misinformation. Springer International Publishing.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Berry, J. M., Glaser, J. M., & Schildkraut, D. J. (2019). Ideology, Racial Resentment, and the Mass Media. American Political Science Association Annual Conference, 1–34.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Bessi, A., Petroni, F., Vicario, M. D., Zollo, F., Anagnostopoulos, A., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). Homophily and Polarization in the Age of Misinformation. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 225(10), 2047–2059.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Bilal, M. Z., Ali, A., & Ullah, S. (2019). Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, 4(3), 292–298.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Bjornskov, C. (2008). Social Trust and Fractionalization: A Possible Reinterpretation. European Sociological Review, 24(3), 271–283.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Borges, W., & Clarke, H. D. (2008). Cues in Context: Analyzing the Heuristics of Referendum Voting with an Internet Survey Experiment. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 18(4), 433–448.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Boussalis, C., & Coan, T. G. (2017). Elite Polarization and Correcting Misinformation in the “Post-Truth Era.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 405–408.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. (2017). Is the Internet Causing Political Polarization? Evidence from Demographics (No. w23258). National Bureau of Economic Research.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Campante, F. R., & Hojman, D. A. (2013). Media and Polarization: Evidence from the Introduction of Broadcast TV in the United States. Journal of Public Economics, 100, 79–92.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Campbell, J. E. (2016). Polarized: Making Sense of a Divided America. Princeton University Press.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Carothers, T., & O’Donohue, A. (2019). Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization. Brookings Institution Press.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Carsey, T. M., & Layman, G. C. (2002, April 25). Party Activists and the Ideological Polarization of American Politics: A Dynamic Model. Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Carter, D. M. (2017). (De)constructing Difference: A Qualitative Review of the ‘Othering’ of UK Muslim Communities, Extremism, Soft Harms, and Twitter Analytics. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 9(1), 21–36.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Clark, C. J., & Winegard, B. M. (2020). Tribalism in War and Peace: The Nature and Evolution of Ideological Epistemology and Its Significance for Modern Social Science. Psychological Inquiry, 31(1), 1–22.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Close, C., & Nunez Lopez, L. (2013). Party Cohesion in European Legislatures: Cross-Country and Cross-Party Comparisons. American Political Science Association Annual Conference, 34.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Conover, M. D., Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M., Gonçalves, B., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2011). Political Polarization on Twitter. 133, 89–96.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Cornelson, K., & Miloucheva, B. (2020). Political Polarization, Social Fragmentation, and Cooperation during a Pandemic. Working Paper 663, University of Toronto, Department of Economics.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Dalton, R. J. (2008). The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems: Party System Polarization, Its Measurement, and Its Consequences. Comparative Political Studies, 41(7), 899–920.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Darmofal, D., & Strickler, R. (2018). Demography, politics, and partisan polarization in the United States, 1828-2016 (J. R. Porter & S. A. Matthews, Eds.; Vol. 2). Springer.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The Spreading of Misinformation Online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 554–559.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      DiMaggio, P., Evans, J., & Bryson, B. (1996). Have American’s Social Attitudes Become More Polarized? American Journal of Sociology, 102(3), 690–755.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Druckman, J. N., Peterson, E., & Slothuus, R. (2013). How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation. American Political Science Review, 107(1), 57–79.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Duca, J. V., & Saving, J. L. (2015). Income Inequality and Political Polarization: Time Series Evidence Over Nine Decades. Review of Income and Wealth, 62(3), 445–466.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Duca, J. V., & Saving, J. L. (2017). Income Inequality, Media Fragmentation, and Increased Political Polarization. Contemporary Economic Policy, 35(2), 392–413.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Duell, D., & Valasek, J. M. (2017). Social Identity and Political Polarization: Evidence on the Impact of Identity on Partisan Voting Trade. Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Economics of Change SP II 2017-304, WZB Berlin Social Science Center.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Duhaime, E. P., & Apfelbaum, E. P. (2017). Can Information Decrease Political Polarization? Evidence From the U.S. Taxpayer Receipt. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(7), 736–745.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Fernbach, P. M., Rogers, T., Fox, C. R., & Sloman, S. A. (2013). Political Extremism Is Supported by an Illusion of Understanding. Psychological Science, 24(6), 939–946.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Finn, S., Mustafaraj, E., & Metaxas, P. T. (2014). The Co-retweeted Network and Its Applications for Measuring the Perceived Political Polarization: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies, 276–284.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Fiorina, M. P. (2016). The Political Parties Have Sorted. Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Fiorina, M. P., & Abrams, S. J. (2008). Political Polarization in the American Public. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1), 563–588.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Fiorina, M. P., & Levendusky, M. S. (2006). Disconnected: The Political Class versus the People. In Red and Blue Nation: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences of America’s Polarized Politics (pp. 49–71).
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Flaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. M. (2016). Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(Special Issue), 298–320.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Fletcher, R., Cornia, A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). How Polarized Are Online and Offline News Audiences? A Comparative Analysis of Twelve Countries. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(2), 169–195.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Frye, T. (2002). The Perils of Polarization: Economic Performance in the Postcommunist World. World Politics, 54(3), 308–337.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Gadavanij, S. (2020). Contentious Polities and Political Polarization in Thailand: Post-Thaksin Reflections. Discourse & Society, 31(1), 44–63.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Garrett, K. N., & Bankert, A. (2020). The Moral Roots of Partisan Division: How Moral Conviction Heightens Affective Polarization. British Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 621–640.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Gelman, A., Shor, B., Joseph, B., & David, P. (2007). Rich State, Poor State, Red State, Blue State: What’s the Matter with Connecticut? Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 2(4), 345–367.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Gillion, D. Q., Ladd, J. M., & Meredith, M. (2013, June 13). Education, Party Polarization and the Origins of the Partisan Gender Gap. American Political Science Association (APSA) 2013 Annual Meeting.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Goukens, C., Dewitte, S., & Warlop, L. (2009). Me, Myself, and My Choices: The Influence of Private Self-Awareness on Choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 46(5), 682–692.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Graham, M. H., & Svolik, M. W. (2019, September 18). Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States. The Andrea Mitchell Center for the Study of Democracy, Pennsylvania.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Grechyna, D. (2016). On the Determinants of Political Polarization. Economics Letters, 144, 10–14.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Abramowitz, A. I. (2010). Transformation and Polarization: The 2008 Presidential Election and the New American Electorate. Electoral Studies, 29(4), 594–603.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Abramowitz, A. I. (2013). The Electoral Roots of America’s Dysfunctional Government. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 43(4), 709–731.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2008). Is Polarization a Myth? The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 542–555.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Abramowitz, A., & Saunders, K. (2005). Why Can’t We All Just Get Along? The Reality of a Polarized America. The Forum, 3(2).
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Ahler, D. J., & Sood, G. (2018). The Parties in Our Heads: Misperceptions about Party Composition and Their Consequences. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 964–981.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Al Amin, M. T., Aggarwal, C., Yao, S., Abdelzaher, T., & Kaplan, L. (2017). Unveiling polarization in social networks: A matrix factorization approach. IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, 1–9.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Antonio, R. J., & Brulle, R. J. (2011). The Unbearable Lightness of Politics: Climate Change Denial and Political Polarization. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(2), 195–202.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Azzimonti, M. (2011). Barriers to Investment in Polarized Societies. American Economic Review, 101(5), 2182–2204.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Azzimonti, M., & Talbert, M. (2014). Polarized Business Cycles. Journal of Monetary Economics, 67, 47–61.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Bakir, V., & McStay, A. (2018). Fake News and The Economy of Emotions: Problems, Causes, Solutions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 154–175.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of Political Polarization. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 784–811.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Barber, M. J. (2016). Ideological Donors, Contribution Limits, and the Polarization of American Legislatures. The Journal of Politics, 78(1), 296–310.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Baldassarri, D., & Gelman, A. (2008). Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion. American Journal of Sociology, 114(2), 408–446.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. (2020). Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic. Journal of Public Economics.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Ansolabehere, S., Rodden, J., & Snyder Jr., J. M. (2006). Purple America. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2), 97–118.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Barberá, P. (2015). How Social Media Reduces Mass Political Polarization. Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the U.S. American Political Science Association Conference, 1–46.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Baum, M. A., & Groeling, T. (2008). New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse. Political Communication, 25(4), 345–365.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Baumann, F., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Sokolov, I. M., & Starnini, M. (2020). Modeling Echo Chambers and Polarization Dynamics in Social Networks. Physical Review Letters, 124(4).
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Beam, M. A. (2014). Automating the News: How Personalized News Recommender System Design Choices Impact News Reception. Communication Research, 41(8), 1019–1041.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Beam, M. A., Hutchens, M. J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2018). Facebook News and (De)polarization: Reinforcing Spirals in the 2016 US Election. Information, Communication & Society, 21(7), 940–958.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Beattie, P. (2019). Social Evolution, Political Psychology, and the Media in Democracy: The Invisible Hand in the U.S. Marketplace of Ideas. Springer International Publishing.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Bergmann, E. (2018). Conspiracy & Populism: The Politics of Misinformation. Springer International Publishing.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Berry, J. M., Glaser, J. M., & Schildkraut, D. J. (2019). Ideology, Racial Resentment, and the Mass Media. American Political Science Association Annual Conference, 1–34.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Bessi, A., Petroni, F., Vicario, M. D., Zollo, F., Anagnostopoulos, A., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). Homophily and Polarization in the Age of Misinformation. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 225(10), 2047–2059.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Bilal, M. Z., Ali, A., & Ullah, S. (2019). Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, 4(3), 292–298.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Bjornskov, C. (2008). Social Trust and Fractionalization: A Possible Reinterpretation. European Sociological Review, 24(3), 271–283.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Borges, W., & Clarke, H. D. (2008). Cues in Context: Analyzing the Heuristics of Referendum Voting with an Internet Survey Experiment. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 18(4), 433–448.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Boussalis, C., & Coan, T. G. (2017). Elite Polarization and Correcting Misinformation in the “Post-Truth Era.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 405–408.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. (2017). Is the Internet Causing Political Polarization? Evidence from Demographics (No. w23258). National Bureau of Economic Research.
    • ARTICLE
      MAKALE
      Campante, F. R., & Hojman, D. A. (2013). Media and Polarization: Evidence from the Introduction of Broadcast TV in the United States. Journal of Public Economics, 100, 79–92.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Campbell, J. E. (2016). Polarized: Making Sense of a Divided America. Princeton University Press.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
      Carothers, T., & O’Donohue, A. (2019). Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization. Brookings Institution Press.
    • BOOK
      KİTAP
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      Fernbach, P. M., Rogers, T., Fox, C. R., & Sloman, S. A. (2013). Political Extremism Is Supported by an Illusion of Understanding. Psychological Science, 24(6), 939–946.
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      Fiorina, M. P. (2016). The Political Parties Have Sorted. Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
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      Fiorina, M. P., & Abrams, S. J. (2008). Political Polarization in the American Public. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1), 563–588.
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      Fiorina, M. P., & Levendusky, M. S. (2006). Disconnected: The Political Class versus the People. In Red and Blue Nation: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences of America’s Polarized Politics (pp. 49–71).
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      Fletcher, R., Cornia, A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). How Polarized Are Online and Offline News Audiences? A Comparative Analysis of Twelve Countries. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(2), 169–195.
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      Forgas, J. P., & Baumeister, R. F. (Eds.). (2019). The Social Psychology of Gullibility: Fake News, Conspiracy Theories, and Irrational Beliefs (Vol. 20). Routledge.
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      Gillion, D. Q., Ladd, J. M., & Meredith, M. (2013, June 13). Education, Party Polarization and the Origins of the Partisan Gender Gap. American Political Science Association (APSA) 2013 Annual Meeting.
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      Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, Not Ideology. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–431.
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      Leiser, D., & Shemesh, Y. (2018). How We Misunderstand Economics and Why It Matters: The Psychology of Bias, Distortion and Conspiracy (1st ed.). Routledge.
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      Levendusky, M. (2009). The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans. University of Chicago Press.
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      McConnell, C., Margalit, Y., Malhotra, N., & Levendusky, M. (2017). The Economic Consequences of Partisanship in a Polarized Era. American Journal of Political Science, 62(3), 5–18.
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